Irvine and Martin's five Cs includes which of the following NOT being part?

• A. Communication
• B. Concentration
• C. Coordination
• D. Collaboration

Answer: (D)

The five Cs are a framework describing essential ways people work together to get things done: clear communication of information, sustained concentration on tasks, coordinated actions across people and functions, and cooperative effort to support shared goals. Collaboration isn’t listed as a separate C in Irvine and Martin’s model; the idea of working together in practice is already captured by the other elements (cooperation and coordination). So collaboration isn’t one of the five Cs, making it the option that isn’t part of the set.