In the framework of Braithwaite and Drahos, which is identified as an actor?

• A. Organisations of states
• B. States
• C. Organisations formed by firms
• D. Knowledge based communities

Answer: (D)

In Braithwaite and Drahos’ view of global regulation, regulation is driven not only by states and formal institutions but by a mix of actors, including knowledge-based communities. These are networks built around expertise and credible information—think professional associations, think tanks, universities, and other groups that generate and disseminate technical knowledge. They influence regulation by providing evidence, setting or advocating standards, shaping norm expectations, and creating reputational incentives for compliant behavior. Their power comes from the authority that expertise confers and the ability to sway policymakers and industry practice, rather than from formal coercive authority. So, knowledge-based communities are identified as an actor because they actively shape regulatory outcomes through information, standards, and legitimacy.